On the other hand, Slovenian grammatical gender are completely grammaticalized and may otherwise may not overlap with physiological sex
Besides the masculine suffix -ec, which had been above mentioned of the Vidovic-Muha (), the research including relates to new Slovenian masculine suffix -ar
The initial area of the papers means the latest derivation out of feminine and you will masculine nouns to possess professions when you look at the English and you may Slovenian. The study signifies that the brand new prominent types of feminine nouns into the both dialects involves derivation via affixation, if you are English also features compounding. Masculinatives are rare both in dialects; he could be generally shaped in terms of disciplines which have been traditionally noticed a portion of the women fields. The suffix isn’t active but may nevertheless be observed in the phrase babicar (‘male midwife’). The very best difference between the 2 languages is the fact latest English seems to be leaving the usage of gender-designated models (except for the fresh new rare feminatives that are nevertheless), while in Slovenian, given that confirmed by the corpus analysis, the aid of feminatives is rising. The explanation for so it asymmetry are rooted in that English provides a close low-existent grammatical gender program, and usually uses an equivalent terms to explain a man or woman involved in a particular job. kjГёper en kone For this reason, in the example of feminine referents the employment of women nouns has become preferred, because the use of male common forms is found on new refuse.
The corpus studies shows that the differences between masculine and you can female nouns getting professions would be best shown because of the examining its collocators, semantic choice, and you may semantic connectivity (Sinclair 1996 and Philip 2010).
Slovenian nouns denoting professions keeps clear referents with regard to gender, in addition to their modern have fun with – confirmed in the corpora – reveals a very clear desire to your agreement ranging from grammatical and you can biological genders
New collocators out of English male and feminine nouns with the tested disciplines (actress/star, policewoman/policeman inside the waiter/waiter) implies that it express certain semantic environments: associated professions; cities and you may surroundings for the occupation; personal names; conditions discussing the standard of their work; together with regular procedures of field. Specific particular associative definitions are shown when we glance at brand new collocators explaining human characteristics and appearance. The latest feminatives tend to co-are present which have terms to own stereotypically female characteristics and you can character (plus sexual
connotations). This will be relative to Caldas-Coulthard and you can Moonlight (2010), whom identify such as asymmetries having stereotypes away from gender, sexualization of females, in addition to with age and you will habits.
Slovenian male/female pairs having procedures show comparable conclusions. From semantic liking, we could to see terms associated with typical procedures; regular places and landscape; related disciplines; character traits; and look. The corpus investigation and let you know some high differences. The pairs of Slovenian male and you may women nouns dealing with professions should be split up into a couple organizations. The first one comprises pairs which can be semantically comparable and stylistically un), since the sets regarding the 2nd group try at the mercy of (a degree of) semantic narrowing and you can stylistic marking.
A model towards the earliest category is the couples zdravnica/zdravnik (‘female/male doctor’), both of that may co-can be found with phrases discussing the sort of performs, typical measures and you can associated procedures. The female nouns such pairs was stylistically unmarked. A comparable conclusion are going to be attained into pairs sodnica/sodnik (‘female/men judge’) and you will vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj (‘female/male preschool teacher’), but with a caveat. The form of the pair sodnica/sodnik overlap throughout the industries from legislation and sport; but not, the info plus mirror the public standing of occupation – 1st ranking (elizabeth.grams., constitutional judges) are nevertheless primarily booked for men. The two vzgojiteljica/vzgojitelj can be defined as a great borderline case between noted and you can unmarked definition. New corpus research suggest an amount of semantic narrowing and stylistic marking: this is of “teacher in a student dormitory” refers to dudes, given that accessibility adjectives (diligent women and you may rigid guys) points to gender stereotyping.